Karakum to the Caspian: Turkmenistan’s untouched natural wonders

Nature enthusiasts in Turkmenistan can expect a treasure trove of wild wonders and tranquil landscapes across diverse terrain.

A desert nation gifted with forest and mountain ecosystems that are fed by crystal-clear rivers and springs, Turkmenistan spills over with unspoilt natural beauty.

Whipping out the binoculars for this episode of Turkmenistan – Our Story, we uncover the natural heritage of the nation, spanning the vast dunes of the Karakum Desert before their rugged transformation into grand mountain ranges that stretch majestically along the country’s borders, meeting the calm Caspian Sea in the west.

Join us as we introduce the very best of Turkmenistan’s natural world. 

A sunrise over Koytendag

The Koytendag Mountain range is where you’ll find Turkmenistan’s tallest peak, Ayrybaba, at 3,137 metres. On the ascent, enjoy picturesque scenes shared by rare flora and fauna, alongside dinosaur footprints and cave systems, to fill you with wonderment all the way. 

Also, in the protected area of Koytendag Nature Reserve is Central Asia’s largest Ibex population, living alongside endangered Urial sheep which you’ll see grazing on the rugged slopes of the reserve. 

Legends in the Umbar Valley

Northwest of the Koytendag Mountains, the 100-metre Umbardere Gorge cuts through the rocky landscape to dramatic effect. Home to the Umbar Waterfall and the village of Hojapil, this lush green valley stands in stark contrast to the arid lands surrounding thanks to its plentiful streams and rivers. 

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Each year, when the winter snow thaws, Umbar Waterfall turns into one of the most breathtaking natural scenes in the country, with rain and ice melt crashing 27 metres as it rushes to join the Koytendag River further downstream. Legends surrounding the waterfall only add to the mystique of this natural wonder.

Kopetdag’s windswept ridges

Rising majestically along Turkmenistan’s southwestern border and accessible by cable car from Ashgabat are the Kopetdag Mountains.  

Nicknamed ‘Mountains of Wind’, in reference to the powerful gusts that rip through their passes, the Kopetdag Mountains offer breathtaking vistas and limitless natural wonders to take your breath away. 

On trips to Köpetdag, hike in hills carpeted by fragrant juniper and rare endemic plants, looking out for endangered leopards, wild sheep, porcupines and other wildlife, protected within the Köpetdag Nature Reserve. 

Adventure seekers arriving in Köpetdag can also trek atop the ethereal Yangikala Canyons. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the dramatic rock faces here appear out of this world, carved by time and coloured in pink, orange, red and yellow hues.

Migratory birds and sea views in west Turkmenistan

The world’s largest enclosed body of water – the Caspian Sea – forms a natural border on Turkmenistan’s western side.  

This serene blue expanse, edged by the beautiful beaches of Turkmenbashi Bay and Hazar State Nature Reserve, is livelier than you might think. The Turkmenbashi Peninsula, in particular, is a haven for wildlife, including the endangered Caspian seal and a great many migratory birds.  

To visit the Caspian region from Ashgabat, it’s likely you will traverse through the handsome Sumbar Valley. In this area, near the town of Kara-Kala, lies an area famed for its salt-layered Moon Mountains, framed by Kopetdag.

Hidden oases in the Karakum

Encompassing nearly 70 percent of Turkmenistan, the Karakum Desert is a vast realm replete with many unexpected natural wonders. 

Meaning “Black Sands” in Turkmen, the Karakum Desert boasts archaeological intrigue and Silk Road heritage alongside stark natural beauty. Underwater some 30 million years ago, the Karakum also holds an array of hidden life, protected within the Repetek Biosphere Reserve, established in 1928.  

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Visit the Biosphere Reserve to embark on an unforgettable camel safari across ancient sand dunes and marvel at the resilience of life in the desert. Be sure to scout out the local residents on your journey, such as endangered reptiles, foxes and hares. 

Protecting Turkmenistan’s natural legacy

Along with the establishment of various nature reserves over the past century, Turkmenistan cements its effort to conserve the nation’s natural heritage and unique ecosystems. 

Responsible tourism plays a vital role in supporting these conservation efforts. To ensure your trip supports the national mission, be sure to follow designated trails and respect protected areas, to ensure future generations can experience the magic of Turkmenistan’s natural world.

Planning your Turkmen adventure

As Turkmenistan remains a relatively underexplored Central Asian nation, the rewards for the adventurous traveller are immense. With its diverse landscapes, rich biodiversity and historical significance, Turkmenistan offers a unique escape for those seeking an authentic connection with nature.