Amazon joins Google in taking the nuclear option to power data centres

Amazon is investing in US firm X-energy to utilise nuclear reactors to power its data centres.

The announcement comes two days after a similar announcement by Google, as both tech giants seek new sources of carbon-free electricity to meet surging demand from data centres and artificial intelligence.

X-energy said in a statement on Wednesday that Amazon was leading a $500m (€385m) funding round. Other contributors are Citadel founder and CEO Ken Griffin, Ares Management Corporation, private equity firm NGP, and the University of Michigan.

The size of Amazon’s stake is undisclosed, although the firm will take two seats on X-energy’s board of directors.

“The investments from Amazon, our Series C-1 funders, and valued partners like Dow and the US Department of Energy underscore X-energy’s leadership in commercializing SMR [small modular reactor] technology and delivering the clean, safe, affordable, and reliable power our world needs now,” said Kam Ghaffarian, Founder and Executive Chairman of X-energy.

Amazon and X-energy are aiming to have more than 5 gigawatts of SMR-generated power operational by 2039.

Push for clean power

Amazon’s investment comes after Constellation Energy, the owner of the US’ Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, said last month it plans to restart the reactor to power Microsoft data centres.

The plant was the site of a major nuclear accident in 1979, although it caused no injuries or deaths.

Microsoft, Google, and Amazon have been investing in solar and wind technologies, which make electricity without producing greenhouse gas emissions.

Now they say they need to go further in the search for clean electricity to meet both demand and their own commitments to cut emissions.

Nuclear energy is a climate solution in that its reactors don’t emit the planet-warming greenhouse gases that come from power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and gas.

The demand for power is surging globally as buildings and vehicles electrify.

People used more electricity than ever last year, placing strain on electric grids around the world.

Much of the demand also comes from data centres and artificial intelligence.

The International Energy Agency forecasts that data centres’ total electricity consumption could reach more than 1,000 terawatt hours in 2026, more than doubling from 2022.

Estimates suggest one terawatt hour can power 70,000 homes for a year.

“AI is driving a significant increase in the amount of data centres and power that are required on the grid,” Kevin Miller, Amazon Web Services’ vice president of global data centres, told AP.

He added: “We view advanced new nuclear capacity as really key and essential.”

The United States aims to reach 100% clean electricity by 2035.

Nuclear reactors

Small modular reactors are a type of nuclear reactor that can generate up to roughly one-third the amount of power of a traditional reactor.

Developers say small reactors will be built faster and at a lower cost than large power reactors, scaling to fit needs of a particular location.

They aim to start spinning up electricity in the early 2030s, if the Nuclear Regulatory Commission gives permission to build and operate their designs and the technology succeeds.

If new, clean power isn’t added as data centres are developed, the US runs the risk of “browning the grid,” or including more power that isn’t made from clean sources, said Kathryn Huff, a former US assistant secretary for nuclear energy who is now an associate professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

The reactors are currently under development, with none currently providing power to the electric grid in the US.

Big investors can help change that, and these announcements could be the “inflection point” that makes scaling up this technology truly possible, Huff said.

Jacopo Buongiorno, professor of nuclear science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, echoed that, saying the industry needs customers who value the reliability and carbon-free attributes of nuclear and are willing to pay a premium for it at first, until a number of the next-generation reactors are deployed and the cost comes down.

Developments at Google

On Monday, Google said it was signing a contract to purchase nuclear energy from multiple small modular reactors that Kairos Power, a nuclear technology company, plans to develop.

The news highlights “the technologies that we’re going to need to achieve round the clock clean energy, not only for Google but for the world,” Michael Terrell, Google’s senior director of energy and climate, told AP.

With Kairos, Google said it expects to bring the first small modular reactor online by 2030, with more to come through 2035.

The deal is projected to bring 500 megawatts of power to the grid.

For context, Google consumed more than 24 terawatt hours of electricity last year, according to the company’s annual environmental report.

One terawatt is equal to 1,000,000 megawatts.

Clean energy capacity

Meanwhile, Amazon’s announcements on Wednesday included working with utility Dominion Energy to explore putting a small modular reactor near its existing North Anna nuclear power station in Virginia.

It’s investing in reactor developer X-energy for its early development work, and collaborating with regional utility Energy Northwest in central Washington to put four of the X-energy reactors there.

Combined, the three announcements could account for more than 5,000 megawatts of power by the late 2030s with the possibility of more.

All of that is still likely only a small fraction of the company’s total energy consumption, a figure that Amazon does not report publicly.

Progress on climate targets

Both Amazon and Google have committed to using renewable energy to address climate change.

By 2030, Google has pledged to meet net-zero emissions, and run carbon-free energy every hour of every day on every grid where it operates.

It says it has already matched 100% of its global electricity consumption with renewable energy purchases on an annual basis.

However, the company has fallen short on decreasing its emissions.

Amazon has said it would match all of its global electricity consumption with 100% renewable energy by 2030, and recently announced it met that goal early in 2023.

Though the company has matched its consumption as far as purchases of an equivalent amount of renewable energy, that does not necessarily mean it is using that to power its operations.

Amazon saw its electricity emissions drop 11%, but direct emissions – known as Scope 1 – increased 7%, according to its 2023 sustainability report.

The company is also targeting net zero-carbon by 2040.